Gonadal disorders : Hypogonadism and hypergonadism

The term “Hypogonadism” designates a deficiency in ovary or testicular function. There are several possible origins, including, the absence of sexual development in an individual, or, feminine or masculine sterility. This disorder can result from a congenital anomaly (Turner Syndrome) or from consuming vegetables that were grown in soil that is rich in cadmium.

In women, hypogonadism manifests in three forms: Primary hypogonadism, central hypogonadism, and menopause. Primary hypogonadism is characterised by poor ovary function. In fact, FSH and LH production (hormones produced by the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland) is normal, however the ovaries produce little or no oestrogen. Also called secondary hypogonadism, central hypogonadism results from an anomaly of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis, provoking a decrease or a total stop of production of FSH and of LH. Menopause is also a particular form of hypogonadism.

In men, hypogonadism is presented by a deficiency in testicular function. This concerns sperm production and the testosterone secretion. This pathology is evoked in pubescent males around the age of 14 years. Delayed puberty is observed with little to no hair growth, increase breast volume, and small sized testes. In adult men, this disorder can cause loss of libido, impotence, hair loss in link with shaving frequency, infertility, etc.

Diverse solutions can be considered to treat hypogonadism, such as the prescription of oestrogen or testosterone, surgery, and radiotherapy.

Hypergonadism is a disorder characterised by an abnormal elevation of reproductive hormones (oestrogen or testosterone). The onset of this pathology can be evoked by several causes: Genetic factors, auto-immunes disorders, tumours, etc. In general, hypergonadism symptoms include: precocious puberty, increased hair growth, or increase in libido.

Symptoms of hypergonadism are about the same in men and women. When a hormonal imbalance is observed during childhood, puberty is brought on precociously. Frequently, increased hair growth is observed on the face, in the pubic area, and on various areas of the body. The individual suffering from hypergonadism can also have an increase in muscular mass, acne, or mood swings.

Hormone replacement therapy is the principal treatment for hypergonadism. Medical observation is necessary in order to find the best adapted hormone dosage for the patient.

Fiche Gonadal disorders

• Author : Florian Reinaud, MD
• Date : Feb 02, 2018